DNA 去氧核糖核酸
Proving that each of us is one in a million
證明我們每一個人都是百萬中選一
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1.
If you're a fan of television's CSI you may be aware of DNA. It has been called the 1)genetic 2)blueprint of the human body and has led to 3)countless 4)criminals being put in 5)jail. Even the smallest amount of 6)saliva or a single 7)strand of hair contains enough DNA to make an 8)identification.
如果你是美國電視影集《CSI：犯罪現場》的忠實觀眾，你可能會知道DNA。它被稱為人體的基因藍圖，無數的罪犯因它被送進監牢。即使是最少量的唾液或者單單一根頭髮都含有足夠的DNA可做身分辨識。
1) genetic (a.) 基因的，遺傳（學）的
Genetic engineering (基因工程) is a hot science right now.
2) blueprint (n.) 藍圖
You need a blueprint to build a house.
3) countless (a.) 無數的
Stars in the night sky are countless.
4) criminal (n.) 罪犯
The criminal was arrested (逮捕) for killing a man.
5) jail (n.) 監獄
He spent two years in jail for theft (偷竊).
6) saliva (n.) 涎，唾液
The old dog is dripping (滴) saliva all over the place.
7) strand (n.) 一縷，一條
How come there's a strand of long hair on your shirt?
8) identification (n.) 身分証明，辨識
The body was badly burned, so identification was very difficult.
2.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, was discovered after hard work by many scientists over many 9)decades of time. DNA's 10)origins date back to 1928 and a scientist named Frederick Griffith. He was the first person to 11)recognize an 12)inheritance molecule in mice. This molecule was later discovered to be deoxyribonucleic acid. In 1953, scientists James Watson and Francis Crick used the then 13)available X-ray example of DNA to create the DNA 14)model that we know today.
DNA，或稱去氧核糖核酸，是許多位科學家經過數十年的努力才發現的。DNA的由來要追溯到一九二八年一位名叫菲德烈格里夫茲的科學家。他是頭一個辨識出老鼠體內遺傳分子的人。這種遺傳分子後來發現就是去氧核糖核酸。一九五三年，科學家詹姆斯華生和法蘭西斯克里克使用當時已經有的DNA X光樣本，製造出我們今天熟悉的DNA模型。
9) decade (n.) 十年
Computers were very expensive a decade ago.
10) origin (n.) 起源，由來
What do scientists say about the origin of the universe (宇宙)?
11) recognize (v.) 識別，認出
I didn't recognize you with your new glasses.
12) inheritance (n.) 繼承，遺傳
I believe environment is more important than inheritance in shaping (塑造) one's behavior (行為)
13) available (a.) 可取得，有供應
The new book is not yet available in Chinese.
14) model (n.) 模型
Scientists use this computer model to make weather forecasts (預報).
3.
The molecule in the DNA model has a double helix with two rungs connecting the two strands. Each side is a complete 15)complement of the other. These two strands are 16)composed of a large number of 17)chemical 18)compounds, called nucleotides, that are linked together to form a chain. In total, four scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 after the DNA model was presented to the public.
這個DNA模型的分子中有一種雙螺旋構造，中間有兩根橫桿連結兩條螺旋。這兩條螺旋可以完全互補。兩條螺旋的成份是大量名為核甘酸的化合物，串連起來成為鏈形。DNA模型公諸於世之後，總共有四位科學家得到一九六二年的諾貝爾獎。
15) complement (n.) 互補物，補充物
Experiments are a good complement to classroom teaching.
16) compose (v.) 組成，構成
The audience is composed of mostly women.
17) chemical (a.) 化學的
If you put these two liquids (液體) together, there will be a chemical reaction (反應).
18) compound (n.) 混合物，化合物
Salt is a chemical compound of two elements (元素).
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4.
DNA also carries the 19)instructions for the production of 20)proteins. However, DNA's popularity today has to do with the 21)solving of 22)crimes. For one thing, DNA is an important tool in fighting the 23)illegal trade of plants and animals. Outside of catching a poacher 24)red-handed, laws protecting 25)endangered species are difficult to 26)enforce when the 27)evidence is found far from its source. DNA 28)technology can now 29)identify whether certain foods, 30)furs, or even 31)souvenirs came from 32)banned species.
DNA同時也帶有製造蛋白質的指令。然而，今日DNA的流行卻與解決犯罪有關。例如，DNA是打擊非法動植物交易的重要工具。除非偷獵者能夠人贓俱獲，不然保護瀕臨絕種生物的法令很難執行，因為證物往往距離源頭甚遠。現在可以用DNA科技來辨識某些食物、皮毛或甚至紀念品是否來自禁止買賣的物種。
19) instruction (n.) 指示，說明
If you don't know how to use the machine (機器), read the instructions.
20) protein (n.) 蛋白質
Eggs contain a lot of protein. 21) solve (v.) 解決，解答
Can you solve this math (數學) problem in two minutes?
22) crime (n.) 罪，罪行 Murder (謀殺) is a serious crime.
23) illegal (a.) 非法的
It's illegal to smoke at public places.
24) red-handed (adv.) 當場，在犯罪現場
The thief was caught red-handed and taken to the police station.
25) endangered species 瀕臨絕種生物
It's against the law to buy and sell endangered species.
26) enforce (v.) 執行，實行
This law is useless because it can't be enforced.
27) evidence (n.) 證據
Do you have evidence for what you said?
28) technology (n.) 技術，科技
He studied computer technology in college.
29) identify (v.) 驗明，辨識
The police wanted the wife to identify the body.
30) fur (n.) 毛皮
Wearing animal fur is no longer fashionable (時髦).
31) souvenir (n.) 紀念品
He likes to buy souvenirs on his trips aborad.
32) ban (v.) 禁止
The movie is banned here, but you can find the book.
5.
The influence of DNA technology in crime fighting is 33)undeniable. Most law 34)enforcement 35)agencies have DNA databanks for DNA samples. Often, one bank is used to store the DNA of 36)convicted 37)criminals and another is used to store the DNA from unsolved crime 38)scenes for future use. In the US, 82 inmates have won freedom (10 on death row) since 1992 because of DNA evidence. And the 39)process is getting faster. In Canada, DNA testing used to take months and cost tens of thousands of dollars. Now it only takes days for results at a cost of $250.
DNA科技對打擊犯罪方面的影響是無可否認的。執法機關大都擁有DNA樣本的DNA資料庫。往往會用一個資料庫儲存已經判刑確定罪犯的DNA，再用另一個儲存未破懸案犯罪現場採集的DNA以便將來使用。在美國，自一九九二年以來已經有八十二名囚犯（其中十名是死囚）因為DNA的證據而獲得自由。而且過程越來越快。在加拿大，DNA檢驗從前得費時數月並花費幾萬美元。現在則只需要幾天時間與二百五十美元就能得到結果。
33) undeniable (a.) 無可否認的
It's an undeniable fact that gunpowder (火藥) was invented (發明) in China.
34) enforcement (n.) 實施，執行
A policeman is also called a law-enforcement officer.
35) agency (n.) 專業行政機構，局，處
Which government agency is responsible (負責) for cleaning the streets?
36) convicted (a.) 被判有罪的
Convicted criminals go to jail.
37) criminal (n.) 罪犯
The police are looking for this dangerous criminal.
38) scene (n.) 場景，（事情發生的）現場
You shouldn't touch anything at the scene of the crime.
39) process (n.) 過程，程序
Raising women's position will be a long process.
6.
DNA tests can also be used for non-criminal purposes. For example: to identify 40)corpses, to determine the 41)likelihood of family members 42)inheriting a disease, to study human 43)evolution and 44)migration, and to solve 45)paternity cases. It took many years to arrive but DNA is definitely here to stay.
DNA檢驗同時也能使用於非犯罪方面。例如：辨識屍體、檢驗家庭成員是否有遺傳到某種疾病的可能、研究人類演進與遷移，以及解決親子關係的案子。DNA經過多年好不容易才出現，但它肯定會留下來。
40) corpse (n.) 屍體
The criminals threw the corpse into the river.
41) likelihood (n.) 可能性
After seven days, there's little likelihood that they will find the man alive.
42) inherit (v.) 繼承，遺傳到
He inherited a large fortune (財富) when his father died.
43) evolution (n.) 進化，演化
The evolution of any species (物種) took millions of years.
44) migration (n.) 遷移，移民
In China there's been a migration of poor farmers into the cities.
45) paternity (n.) 父子關係
DNA tests are often used to establish paternity.
轉載自"TIME for Students知識美語誌"，聯合電子報發行
Proving that each of us is one in a million
證明我們每一個人都是百萬中選一
--------------------------------------------------------------
1.
If you're a fan of television's CSI you may be aware of DNA. It has been called the 1)genetic 2)blueprint of the human body and has led to 3)countless 4)criminals being put in 5)jail. Even the smallest amount of 6)saliva or a single 7)strand of hair contains enough DNA to make an 8)identification.
如果你是美國電視影集《CSI：犯罪現場》的忠實觀眾，你可能會知道DNA。它被稱為人體的基因藍圖，無數的罪犯因它被送進監牢。即使是最少量的唾液或者單單一根頭髮都含有足夠的DNA可做身分辨識。
1) genetic (a.) 基因的，遺傳（學）的
Genetic engineering (基因工程) is a hot science right now.
2) blueprint (n.) 藍圖
You need a blueprint to build a house.
3) countless (a.) 無數的
Stars in the night sky are countless.
4) criminal (n.) 罪犯
The criminal was arrested (逮捕) for killing a man.
5) jail (n.) 監獄
He spent two years in jail for theft (偷竊).
6) saliva (n.) 涎，唾液
The old dog is dripping (滴) saliva all over the place.
7) strand (n.) 一縷，一條
How come there's a strand of long hair on your shirt?
8) identification (n.) 身分証明，辨識
The body was badly burned, so identification was very difficult.
2.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, was discovered after hard work by many scientists over many 9)decades of time. DNA's 10)origins date back to 1928 and a scientist named Frederick Griffith. He was the first person to 11)recognize an 12)inheritance molecule in mice. This molecule was later discovered to be deoxyribonucleic acid. In 1953, scientists James Watson and Francis Crick used the then 13)available X-ray example of DNA to create the DNA 14)model that we know today.
DNA，或稱去氧核糖核酸，是許多位科學家經過數十年的努力才發現的。DNA的由來要追溯到一九二八年一位名叫菲德烈格里夫茲的科學家。他是頭一個辨識出老鼠體內遺傳分子的人。這種遺傳分子後來發現就是去氧核糖核酸。一九五三年，科學家詹姆斯華生和法蘭西斯克里克使用當時已經有的DNA X光樣本，製造出我們今天熟悉的DNA模型。
9) decade (n.) 十年
Computers were very expensive a decade ago.
10) origin (n.) 起源，由來
What do scientists say about the origin of the universe (宇宙)?
11) recognize (v.) 識別，認出
I didn't recognize you with your new glasses.
12) inheritance (n.) 繼承，遺傳
I believe environment is more important than inheritance in shaping (塑造) one's behavior (行為)
13) available (a.) 可取得，有供應
The new book is not yet available in Chinese.
14) model (n.) 模型
Scientists use this computer model to make weather forecasts (預報).
3.
The molecule in the DNA model has a double helix with two rungs connecting the two strands. Each side is a complete 15)complement of the other. These two strands are 16)composed of a large number of 17)chemical 18)compounds, called nucleotides, that are linked together to form a chain. In total, four scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 after the DNA model was presented to the public.
這個DNA模型的分子中有一種雙螺旋構造，中間有兩根橫桿連結兩條螺旋。這兩條螺旋可以完全互補。兩條螺旋的成份是大量名為核甘酸的化合物，串連起來成為鏈形。DNA模型公諸於世之後，總共有四位科學家得到一九六二年的諾貝爾獎。
15) complement (n.) 互補物，補充物
Experiments are a good complement to classroom teaching.
16) compose (v.) 組成，構成
The audience is composed of mostly women.
17) chemical (a.) 化學的
If you put these two liquids (液體) together, there will be a chemical reaction (反應).
18) compound (n.) 混合物，化合物
Salt is a chemical compound of two elements (元素).
--------------------------------------------------------------
4.
DNA also carries the 19)instructions for the production of 20)proteins. However, DNA's popularity today has to do with the 21)solving of 22)crimes. For one thing, DNA is an important tool in fighting the 23)illegal trade of plants and animals. Outside of catching a poacher 24)red-handed, laws protecting 25)endangered species are difficult to 26)enforce when the 27)evidence is found far from its source. DNA 28)technology can now 29)identify whether certain foods, 30)furs, or even 31)souvenirs came from 32)banned species.
DNA同時也帶有製造蛋白質的指令。然而，今日DNA的流行卻與解決犯罪有關。例如，DNA是打擊非法動植物交易的重要工具。除非偷獵者能夠人贓俱獲，不然保護瀕臨絕種生物的法令很難執行，因為證物往往距離源頭甚遠。現在可以用DNA科技來辨識某些食物、皮毛或甚至紀念品是否來自禁止買賣的物種。
19) instruction (n.) 指示，說明
If you don't know how to use the machine (機器), read the instructions.
20) protein (n.) 蛋白質
Eggs contain a lot of protein. 21) solve (v.) 解決，解答
Can you solve this math (數學) problem in two minutes?
22) crime (n.) 罪，罪行 Murder (謀殺) is a serious crime.
23) illegal (a.) 非法的
It's illegal to smoke at public places.
24) red-handed (adv.) 當場，在犯罪現場
The thief was caught red-handed and taken to the police station.
25) endangered species 瀕臨絕種生物
It's against the law to buy and sell endangered species.
26) enforce (v.) 執行，實行
This law is useless because it can't be enforced.
27) evidence (n.) 證據
Do you have evidence for what you said?
28) technology (n.) 技術，科技
He studied computer technology in college.
29) identify (v.) 驗明，辨識
The police wanted the wife to identify the body.
30) fur (n.) 毛皮
Wearing animal fur is no longer fashionable (時髦).
31) souvenir (n.) 紀念品
He likes to buy souvenirs on his trips aborad.
32) ban (v.) 禁止
The movie is banned here, but you can find the book.
5.
The influence of DNA technology in crime fighting is 33)undeniable. Most law 34)enforcement 35)agencies have DNA databanks for DNA samples. Often, one bank is used to store the DNA of 36)convicted 37)criminals and another is used to store the DNA from unsolved crime 38)scenes for future use. In the US, 82 inmates have won freedom (10 on death row) since 1992 because of DNA evidence. And the 39)process is getting faster. In Canada, DNA testing used to take months and cost tens of thousands of dollars. Now it only takes days for results at a cost of $250.
DNA科技對打擊犯罪方面的影響是無可否認的。執法機關大都擁有DNA樣本的DNA資料庫。往往會用一個資料庫儲存已經判刑確定罪犯的DNA，再用另一個儲存未破懸案犯罪現場採集的DNA以便將來使用。在美國，自一九九二年以來已經有八十二名囚犯（其中十名是死囚）因為DNA的證據而獲得自由。而且過程越來越快。在加拿大，DNA檢驗從前得費時數月並花費幾萬美元。現在則只需要幾天時間與二百五十美元就能得到結果。
33) undeniable (a.) 無可否認的
It's an undeniable fact that gunpowder (火藥) was invented (發明) in China.
34) enforcement (n.) 實施，執行
A policeman is also called a law-enforcement officer.
35) agency (n.) 專業行政機構，局，處
Which government agency is responsible (負責) for cleaning the streets?
36) convicted (a.) 被判有罪的
Convicted criminals go to jail.
37) criminal (n.) 罪犯
The police are looking for this dangerous criminal.
38) scene (n.) 場景，（事情發生的）現場
You shouldn't touch anything at the scene of the crime.
39) process (n.) 過程，程序
Raising women's position will be a long process.
6.
DNA tests can also be used for non-criminal purposes. For example: to identify 40)corpses, to determine the 41)likelihood of family members 42)inheriting a disease, to study human 43)evolution and 44)migration, and to solve 45)paternity cases. It took many years to arrive but DNA is definitely here to stay.
DNA檢驗同時也能使用於非犯罪方面。例如：辨識屍體、檢驗家庭成員是否有遺傳到某種疾病的可能、研究人類演進與遷移，以及解決親子關係的案子。DNA經過多年好不容易才出現，但它肯定會留下來。
40) corpse (n.) 屍體
The criminals threw the corpse into the river.
41) likelihood (n.) 可能性
After seven days, there's little likelihood that they will find the man alive.
42) inherit (v.) 繼承，遺傳到
He inherited a large fortune (財富) when his father died.
43) evolution (n.) 進化，演化
The evolution of any species (物種) took millions of years.
44) migration (n.) 遷移，移民
In China there's been a migration of poor farmers into the cities.
45) paternity (n.) 父子關係
DNA tests are often used to establish paternity.
轉載自"TIME for Students知識美語誌"，聯合電子報發行
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